Países europeus oferecem oportunidade de INTERCÂMBIO

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Países europeus oferecem oportunidade de INTERCÂMBIO

11/11/2010

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A necessidade de falar outras línguas faz com que os jovens busquem cursos de idiomas e até superiores em outros países. A Europa dispõe das melhores escolas de línguas e universidades, além da rica cultura e opções de passeios.

Ao viajar para outro país, os estudantes têm a oportunidade de conhecer pessoas de todo o mundo e fazer novos amigos, além de se preparar para o mercado profissional. Confira o roteiro com dicas de como ingressar em um intercâmbio na Europa.

Alemanha – Para aprender alemão, os estudantes irão encontrar no país cursos para estrangeiros. Além de aprender a língua, os intercambistas podem praticar a fluência apreciando a história da Alemanha por entre seus museus, como o Bavarian National Museum. Situado em Munique, o lugar foca todo o seu acervo na história da região da Baviera. Aos estudantes que já possuem conhecimentos da língua alemã, as universidades de Berlim, Düsseldorf, Essen, Freiburg e Leipzig oferecem cursos de graduação e pós-graduação, para aperfeiçoar não só o idioma, mas também se aprofundar na cultura do país.

Áustria – A Áustria oferece cursos de alemão. Algumas instituições disponibilizam alojamentos ou casas familiares para a acomodação dos jovens. Ao vivenciar a cultura, aproveite para conhecer as bibliotecas disponíveis em Viena, como a Biblioteca Nacional, no Palácio Hofburg. As Universidades de Viena e Salzburg proporcionam bolsas de estudos aos estrangeiros.

Espanha – Com uma variedade de escolas de idiomas e cursos superiores, o país permite uma imersão em sua cultura e tradições. O espanhol é hoje falado por 400 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo e nada melhor que aprender esta língua em sua terra natal. A Espanha oferece cursos para todas as necessidades, desde os convencionais até os universitários e de pós-graduação, além de práticas remuneradas e outras opções. A duração dos cursos também varia e vai desde um mês até um ano.

Irlanda – Atualmente, portadores de passaportes brasileiros podem simultaneamente estudar inglês e trabalhar legalmente por meio-período (até 20 horas semanais), ou em período integral durante as férias escolares. A oportunidade é para estudante de intercâmbio que tenham matrícula para um curso de, no mínimo, 15 horas de aulas por semana, com duração de, pelo menos, 25 semanas e que fizerem um registro junto ao serviço de imigração irlandês. A partir de 1º de janeiro de 2011, mudanças serão feitas nas regras para estudar na Irlanda. Consulte o site www.inis.gov.ie.

Itália – Para estudar italiano, o país possui escolas de línguas que recebem estudantes do mundo todo. O Instituto Michelangelo, localizado em Florença, tem programas de estudos variados, que se enquadra a qualquer tipo de situação, como cursos voltados para a História da Arte ou cozinha italiana, que ensina a preparar os principais pratos típicos da Itália. Para os apaixonados por moda, o país possui tradição no assunto e proporciona escolas conceituadas, como o Instituto Marangoni, que atrai estudantes de design e moda de todo o mundo.

Portugal – Ter o português como idioma oficial é motivo de grande interesse por parte dos estudantes brasileiros. Portugal oferece inúmeras opções de cursos técnicos, de graduação e pós-graduação e os brasileiros contam com a vantagem de não precisar se adaptar a outro idioma. Com cursos voltados para aéreas específicas, a Universidade do Porto oferece programas interessantes para quem cursa (ou quer cursar) engenharia. Em Lisboa, o Instituto Camões também oferece programas para estudantes estrangeiros. Aproveite para conhecer as maravilhas que essas cidades oferecem.

Grã-Bretanha – A Inglaterra possui conceituadas universidades que proporcionam bolsas de estudos aos jovens que querem aprender inglês na Grã-Bretanha. Há variadas opções de cursos, como em Cambrigde – conhecida mundialmente pela prestigiada universidade – ou Brighton. Em ambas, além de aprender o idioma, o aluno poderá aproveitar as inúmeras atrações e lugares para se divertir. A capital Londres é procurada e oferece estrutura para quem busca cursos de inglês.

República Tcheca – A República Tcheca disponibiliza alguns cursos de curta e longa duração para estudantes interessados em aprender o idioma tcheco, e também oferece cursos superiores de graduação e pós-graduação, para aqueles que já possuem conhecimentos da língua. Para praticar a fluência, os jovens podem fazer excursões pelas cidades tchecas, e conhecer um pouco da história e cultura do país, como o Museu Nacional de Praga.

Suíça – Com, pelo menos, dez cidades universitárias e quatro línguas oficiais – alemão, francês, italiano e romanche – a Suíça oferece um suporte para os estudantes que querem fazer cursos de línguas ou superiores no país. Famoso por receber alunos do mundo todo em seus internatos, o país possui tradição em educação. As universidades possuem bolsas de estudos para jovens estrangeiros, que também podem ter a oportunidade de trabalhar durante o esse período e ainda conhecer as belas paisagens suíças.

BG

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Prémio luso-espanhol e doutoramento Honoris Causa para Siza Vieira Inserido em 11-11-2010

Prémio luso-espanhol e doutoramento Honoris Causa para Siza Vieira

Inserido em 11-11-2010 22:03

O Museu de Serralves, o Pavilhão de Portugal na Expo 98 e o projecto de renovação do Chiado são apenas alguns dos projectos assinados pelo arquitecto português.

O arquitecto Álvaro Siza Vieira venceu o Prémio Luso Espanhol de Arte e Cultura 2010 e recebeu hoje o grau de doutor Honoris Causa na Faculdade de Arquitectura da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa.

O Prémio Luso-Espanhol de Arte e Cultura, instituído por Portugal e por Espanha em 2006 é atribuído de dois em dois anos.

Tem como objectivo distinguir um autor, pensador, criador ou intérprete vivo, ou ainda uma pessoa colectiva sem fins lucrativos, que, por intermédio da sua acção na área das artes e cultura, tenha contribuído significativamente para o reforço dos laços entre os dois Estados e para um maior conhecimento recíproco da criação ou do pensamento.

Siza Vieira, de 77 anos, foi hoje agraciado com grau o Honoris Causa na Faculdade de Arquitectura da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa.

Na sua intervenção, agradeceu a "honra" que lhe concederam pela atribuição daquele grau, associando-o a uma "muito generosa apreciação" do seu percurso enquanto arquitecto e docente. 
 
"Ensinei durante anos, e assim igualmente aprendi. Mas nunca em exclusividade", disse. Porque o desejo de construir o que projectava nunca o permitiu, disse.

No seu extenso currículo, Siza Vieira recebeu o Prémio Pritzker em 1992, o maior galardão mundial para a área da arquitectura, e no ano passado foi-lhe atribuída a Medalha de Mérito Cultural do Ministério da Cultura em reconhecimento da sua obra arquitectónica e actividade como cidadão  
 
Foi também homenageado no Reino Unido pela contribuição para a arquitectura internacional com a Medalha de Ouro Real.

O Museu de Serralves, o Pavilhão de Portugal na Expo 98 e o projecto de renovação do Chiado são apenas alguns dos projectos assinados pelo arquitecto português.

Também elaborou o projecto para o Centro Meteorológico da Vila Olímpica, em Barcelona, e para o Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Galiza, em Santiago de Compostela, Espanha. Ou ainda, os projectos da Faculdade de Ciências da Informação em Santiago de Compostela; da reitoria da Universidade de Alicante; e do Edifício Zaida, em Granada.

Ritvo Professor to address psychosocial needs of children with cancer

Andrés Martin

Andrés S. Martin, M.D., M.P.H., a child and adolescent psychiatrist on the faculty of the Yale Child Study Center (YCSC), has been named the inaugural Riva Ariella Ritvo Professor of Pediatric Oncology Psychosocial Services by the Yale Corporation.

The new professorship was established in September 2009 with a gift from Riva Ariella Ritvo, Ph.D., an autism expert and clinical instructor at the YCSC, and her husband, Alan B. Slifka, M.B.A., a noted philanthropist and member of the Yale College Class of 1951.

The professorship was created to hasten the pace of YCSC research in this area, with the aim of creating a model of comprehensive psychosocial care for children diagnosed with cancer and their families. Childhood cancer affects not only children’s physical health, but can threaten their social and emotional adjustment, educational performance and cognitive abilities.

After receiving his medical degree from Anahuac University in Mexico City in 1990, Martin completed a fellowship and residency in psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, followed by a residency in internal medicine at the University of Miami’s Miller School of Medicine. He received his M.P.H. degree from the Yale School of Public Health.

Since 2002, Martin has been medical director of the Children’s Psychiatric Inpatient Service (CPIS) at Yale-New Haven Children’s Hospital, which serves children with serious neuropsychiatric disorders and is an important clinical interface between the YCSC and the hospital. In addition to providing clinical care, the CPIS has evolved into a model training facility for house staff and for medical students from Yale and other institutions.

Martin is director of medical studies at the YCSC. He is also associate training director of both the child and adolescent psychiatry program and an innovative program in child psychiatry funded by the National Institute of Mental Health that integrates clinical and research training. The latter program has served as a model for other teaching institutions.

Martin has helped develop a medical student mentorship program in child psychiatry that has been replicated at 10 other institutions across the nation, and a separate international mentorship program for early career academic psychiatrists.

Martin is editor-in-chief of the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. He is co-editor of the fourth edition of Lewis’s Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook; the forthcoming second edition of Pediatric Psychopharmacology: Principles and Practice; and of Life Is with Others: Selected Writings in Child Psychiatry, which features essays by his late mentor and father-in-law, Donald J. Cohen, M.D., who served as YCSC director from 1983 to 2001. 

Cellular ‘neighbors’ spur cancer’s spread Genetic flaws in separate cells interact with one another to form tumors, Yale researchers find One reason cancer is so difficult to understand and to treat is that tumors are a genetic muddle. A cell can become cancerous via a number of pathways, so the cancer-causing mutations found in one tumor cell may be quite different from those found in neighboring cells. One consequence of this genetic heterogeneity is that a treatment that successfully kills some cells may be ineffective against others. As these surviving cells proliferate, the tumor may become resistant to treatment. Cancer researchers are beginning to decipher how genetic defects interact within individual cells and lead them awry. However, very little is known about the far more daunting question of whether, in the complex biological milieu that scientists call the “tumor microenvironment,” mutations in one cell can interact with those in other cells to promote cancer. (Top) Tian Xu (seated) and (standing, from left) postdocs José Carlos Pastor-Pereja and Ming Wu discovered that distinct genetic mutations occurring in different cells can cooperate to fuel cancer. (Above) In the fruit fly brain, cells carrying a cancer-promoting Ras mutation alone (panel 1, green) show moderate overgrowth, while a mutantscribbled gene alone (2) has little effect. When Ras and mutant scribbledare together in cells, tumors invade the entire brain (3), an effect also seen when these genes are each expressed alone in different, but adjacent, cells (4). In an article in Science published in 2003, Tian Xu, Ph.D., vice chair and professor of genetics, and colleagues noted that tumors in Drosophila “display many characteristics observed in human cancers.” In order to emulate the genetic patchwork of human tumors, Xu and School of Medicine colleagues have created a “mosaic” form of the fruit flyDrosophila melanogaster in which a tiny number of cells with mutant genes can exist in a fly with mostly normal cells. In an elegant series of experiments reported in the journal Nature in January, Xu and colleagues used this model to demonstrate that interactions between separate cells carrying different mutations are indeed possible, and that they can have a profound effect on how cancers grow and metastasize. In the new studies, Xu, along with graduate student Ming Wu, Ph.D., and postdoctoral fellow José Carlos Pastor-Pereja, Ph.D., the lead authors, first created mosaic flies in which a well-known cancer-causing gene known as Rasis expressed in some cells along with a mutant, non-functional form of scribbled(abbreviated scrib), a tumor-suppressor gene. To track the effects of these manipulations, these cells were tagged with green-fluorescent protein (GFP). The result was explosive: GFP-tagged tumors soon engulfed the normal cells in the flies’ brains, and spread to adjacent tissues as well. In these cells, the presence of mutant scrib signals that the cells are damaged, which activates a stress-related signaling pathway called JNK (pronounced “junk”). If the cells had been carrying mutant scrib alone, the activation of the JNK pathway would have caused the cells to die, while simultaneously triggering another pathway in adjacent cells known as JAK-STAT, which promotes proliferation. This process makes up for the loss of the lost scrib mutant cells in a process is known as compensatory proliferation. However, the presence of Ras and thescrib mutation together in the same cell overrides the JNK cell-death signal, while preserving the JAK-STAT proliferation signal, putting the Ras carrying cells on a path to tumor development and progression. The most intriguing observation, however, was that when Ras was expressed alone in some cells, and the scrib mutation alone in other, adjacent cells (with most cells being normal, as before), rampant tumor growth and metastasis was seen again, just as when the two mutants occurred together in the same cells (see photo). This phenomenon had never been observed, and indicated that some intercellular interaction between Ras and scrib mutant cells could fuel the growth and spread of cancer. The researchers discovered that the JNK pathway is activated as usual in the scrib mutant cells, causing them to die, but JNK signaling in these cells is also somehow propagated to adjacent cells carrying Ras. In those cells, JNK activates the JAK-STAT proliferation pathway, causing tumors and metastasis. As noted above, JNK signaling is induced by stress, such as when tissue is wounded. When the researchers damaged wing discs in Drosophila larvae with cells carrying Ras, tumors resulted, indicating that stress-induced JNK signaling alone is sufficient to turn cells carrying Ras toward cancer. “A lot of different conditions can trigger JNK stress signaling,” says Xu. “Physical stress, emotional stress, infections, inflammation – all these things.” The Xu team’s view of stress-induced tumor growth is consistent with recent findings of other researchers, who have shown that tumors and wounds have similar traits, and that there is a close relationship between chronic inflammation and cancer. Xu believes that his group’s findings on cell–cell interaction in tumors are a powerful demonstration of how the precise genetic control offered by Drosophila can shed new light on the biology of cancer. “The bad news is that it is much easier for a tissue to accumulate mutations in different cells than in the same cell,” says Xu, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator and director of the Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine at Fudan University in Shanghai, China. “Better understanding of the underlying mechanism causing cancer always offers new tools to battle the disease.”

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Inside this issue COVER STORIES Ten years on: a new genomic revolution Yale's new Research Accelerator will bring scientists together Homecoming for a top cell biologist is packed to rafters PEOPLE Lifelines: Gerald Shulman Insulin pump innovator receives high honor for diabetes research Diabetes expert is named head of endocrinology Expert on autoimmunity is appointed Paul Beeson Professor Ritvo Professor to address psychosocial needs of children with cancer Awards and Honors Out & about SCIENCE Cellular 'neighbors' spur cancer's spread Advances: Immune system fights stem cells' dark side | Zeroing in on genes to head off aneurysms | An engineered tissue's surprising development | New pathways toward growing new arteries PARTNERSHIPS Lifelong friends, also joined in giving Grants & contracts   Download this issue in PDF format

Ten years on: a new genomic revolution A decade after the first human genome map, Yale’s new DNA sequencing facility provides a wealth of information at unprecedented speed In June 2000, the human genome revolution began with a bang. At a White House ceremony, genome pioneers Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D., and J. Craig Venter, Ph.D., joined then-president Bill Clinton and British Prime Minister Tony Blair to announce the completion of a “working draft” of the 3 billion base pairs of DNA that comprise our genetic endowment. That effort took 10 years, $3 billion, and the work of 900 automated DNA sequencing machines scattered in laboratories around the world. Ten years later, one technological advance after another has driven the speed of genomic analysis up and the cost down: the latest DNA sequencing technology is eight orders of magnitude faster than that used in 1987; over the last decade, costs have plummeted 14,000-fold. In a recent issue of the journal Nature that marked the 10th anniversary of the human genome’s first draft, Collins, now director of the National Institutes of Health, provided a vivid description of what these developments mean for biomedical research. “For example,” Collins writes, “the search for the cystic fibrosis gene finally succeeded in 1989 after years of effort by my lab and several others, at an estimated cost of US$50 million. Such a project could now be accomplished in a few days by a good graduate student with access to the Internet, appropriate DNA samples, some inexpensive reagents, a thermal cycler and a DNA sequencer.” (Shrikant Mane (left), director of the Yale Center for Genome Analysis (YCGA) and Kira Fitzsimons, biotechnology assistant, discuss data produced by the YCGA’s latest gene sequencers, which can sequence the equivalent of more than 300 complete human genomes per month. As a result of this stunning progress, DNA sequence information has become a common currency for scientific discovery—every life scientist seems to be making use of it in one way or another, and it is hard for those who oversee sequencing facilities to keep up with the demand. For researchers today, a single human genome won’t do—they want many, and they want to be able to compare them in detail. At Yale, scientists can now obtain this 21st century research staple from the Yale Center for Genome Analysis (YCGA), a new high-speed sequencing facility that opened in January. Housed in a newly renovated space perched atop a hill at Yale’s West Campus, the YCGA is home to 13 state-of-the-art sequencers that churn out more than 900 billion base pairs of new information every 30 days, or the equivalent of more than 300 complete human genomes per month. “Advancing science in these areas now requires the ability to produce very large volumes of sequence data and analyze them efficiently,” says Richard P. Lifton, M.D., Ph.D., chair and Sterling Professor of Genetics, who chairs YCGA’s Advisory Board. “The YCGA permits us to do this at a scale that has been matched by few places in the country.” The immense computational power of the medical school’s newest sequencers is belied by the machines’ quiet operation and unremarkable appearance. Lined up behind a glass wall, through which YCGA Director Shrikant Mane, Ph.D., keeps a watchful eye, these multimillion dollar marvels could be mistaken for a group of blue dorm fridges. The YCGA had its beginnings in a much smaller DNA sequencing core Mane launched at Yale’s Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Lab in 2006. Through the Keck facility, for which he remains director of microarray services, Mane provided sequencing services to Yale researchers using just three automated machines. Last fall, Yale University made the decision to invest significantly in large-scale DNA sequencing technologies, to support research by investigators across the entire campus. Mane was named to head the new facility. He moved rapidly to acquire seven new Illumina Genome Analyzers, three machines at various campus locations, and three sequencers housed at the Keck facility, and to consolidate all the equipment at the West Campus. But that was just the beginning. “Scaling up an operation of this size by a factor of at least 100 in data output over the course of several months is a Herculean task,” Lifton said. The job included building “wet bench” infrastructure to prepare samples as well as other building modifications to accommodate high-performance computing; hiring and training new personnel; and developing and refining bioinformatics techniques and software. With round-the-clock efforts from Mane and his staff, the pieces fell into place quickly, and the facility was up and running within two days after the move to West Campus. These labors have already yielded a significant scientific payoff. In a pilot project last fall, Lifton and Mane used whole-exome sequencing—a genomic shortcut in which researchers sequence only the few percent of a person’s DNA that actually encodes proteins, where disease-causing mutations are most likely to occur—to pinpoint the cause of a baby’s rare kidney disease. Their success marked the first use of whole-exome scanning to diagnose a patient, an important new milestone in personalized medicine. The investment in large-scale sequencing has also enabled a raft of new research projects. In last year’s competition for research funds under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, Yale received five major NIH awards totaling $21 million, all dependent on the resources of the YCGA. In his 25 years in science, Mane has not witnessed the level of enthusiasm among researchers for any technology as he sees now for large-scale sequencing. “When I wrote a grant to purchase our first genome analyzer back in 2005, I had 38 investigators sign on. Now, for my latest grant I have 150 interested. That kind of response tells you how important this technology is. It’s the most exciting thing I’ve ever been involved in.” In just a few years, researchers predict, it will take only 15 minutes and a few hundred dollars to decode an individual’s genome. Sequencing will be a routine part of medical care, and doctors will use genetic information to drive the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. As Lifton sees it, “We have already had innumerable new insights into disease biology from having the genome sequence, but I think the best is yet to come.”

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