On a sultry morning in early July, two undergraduates are hard at work in Alison Holliday's chemistry lab at Swarthmore College, a four-year liberal-arts institution on a pastoral campus a few kilometres outside Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As part of Holliday's research into environmental contaminants, senior-year student Daniel Pak hunches over a syringe, desorbing pesticides. Travis Mattingly, a junior, tests for melamine, an illegal additive in pet foods and other products. During the ten-week summer break, research heats up in Holliday's lab.
B. HANDELMAN
Middlebury College in Vermont is one of many liberal-arts colleges hiring researchers who enjoy teaching.
The students and Holliday, an assistant professor in analytical chemistry, each spend about 40 hours a week in the lab over the summer. Like her colleagues at other liberal-arts colleges in the United States — institutions that focus on giving undergraduates a broad education in academic subjects — Holliday depends on the summer semester and her undergraduates to advance her research. Her teaching and other obligations at Swarthmore keep her from spending more than a few hours a week on research during the rest of the year. And Holliday needs her undergraduates as lab personnel because the college has no graduate students and few postdocs.
Holliday and her students are aiming to develop faster and more efficient ways of measuring levels of environmental contaminants, although it is unlikely that any of the work will lead to a paper this year. She isn't worried, even though her most recent article came out in 2009. The 'publish or perish' edict that typically drives faculty members at large universities isn't the rule at Swarthmore and other liberal-arts colleges. At such institutions in the United States and, increasingly, elsewhere (see
'Europe embraces the trend'), teaching has as large a role as research in tenure review, and Holliday loves teaching as much as being at the bench. Her outlook is tied to her students. “It would be very difficult to go back to a research university and not have that level of interaction,” she says.
Demand for scientific posts at these colleges is on the rise, suggest figures from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), which funds biomedical research at undergraduate institutions through its Academic Research Enhancement Award (R15). In 2000, the NIH reviewed 501 R15 applications. By 2010, that had increased by nearly 50% to 992, although the number of grants awarded has not risen apace (see 'Increased demand'). During the same period, the number of reviewed applications for R01 grants — the NIH's primary research award — rose by 27%. Fierce competition for the few academic slots at universities, and a legitimizing of liberal-arts colleges as research institutions, have contributed to the rise in demand for positions at undergraduate institutions, says Howard Garrison, public-affairs director of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology in Bethesda, Maryland. “We are seeing highly trained researchers taking jobs at the types of institutions that a decade ago would not have been likely destinations,” he adds.
SOURCE: NIH
What's in it for an academic researcher who bypasses high-status, research-intensive universities for a tiny undergraduate college? A lot, say early-career scientists and veteran researchers at such institutions. They love doing actual bench research instead of being a de facto lab manager. They're relieved to be free of the panicked scramble for grants. And, like Holliday, they enjoy teaching and advising undergraduates.
A different world
But being a scientific researcher at a four-year liberal-arts college is not at all the leisurely, indolent experience that some might envisage, warns Amy Cheng Vollmer, a microbiologist who has worked at Swarthmore since 1989. “It's like comparing the winter Olympics to the summer Olympics,” says Vollmer, who frequently gives talks on career issues. “It's not easier; it's different.”
The teaching responsibilities are among the biggest differences. Specifics vary by institution, but junior faculty members typically teach two or three courses in the autumn semester and two in the spring, with a minimum of one lab section for at least one course. Along with teaching comes a raft of associated tasks: assembling a syllabus and selecting textbooks; developing lectures and lab sessions; and assigning exams, papers, lab reports and other classroom work. Although some of these tasks eventually become easier, others are perennially time-consuming. “I do all my own grading,” sighs Holliday.
Researchers also take on advisory obligations, including shepherding students through a thesis, counselling student organizations and managing honours and independent-study programmes. And the small size of the colleges means that they may have to share equipment with another institution or even build their own — equipment that, at a larger campus, would already be in place or easily purchased. Anne Goodsell, a physicist at Middlebury College in Vermont, had to build her own apparatus for her work on laser cooling of atoms.
Goodsell has no thoughts of returning to a research-oriented institution such as Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where she was a graduate student and postdoc, despite the greater number of nearby colleagues at such universities, and the associated ease of collaboration. Other researchers, however, do find the relative isolation at small colleges hard. “There certainly is collaborative work here, but typically you're the only one who does what you do,” says Tiku Majumder, an atomic physicist at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts. “I miss the opportunity for close collegial scientific exchanges every day.”
K. KAPLAN
Undergraduate student Travis Mattingly helps with research at Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania.
To beat the sense of isolation, Vollmer advises staying active in professional societies and attending as many conferences as possible. A resource for physicists in particular is the Anacapa Society, based at Amherst College in Massachusetts, which was created in 2003 in part to address that lack of connections.
Isolation isn't the only stumbling block. “The research rhythm is different,” says Majumder. “It can take years to publish. As measured by how many papers I've authored, no way could I compete with my colleagues at big universities.” With undergraduates, researchers can also expect a smaller and less experienced team, which can detract from the science itself. “I am the sole source of continuity in my lab,” says Holliday. “I am the sole problem-solver and troubleshooter-in-chief.” Scientists must also scale down their experiments to adapt to having less time in the lab. If a project doesn't work one summer, it must usually be abandoned, at least until the following summer. Experiments that require more than a couple of months are typically not possible. “You've got to come up with small projects that you can quickly ramp up,” cautions Vollmer. “You can't study the long-term effects of fire on a site. You can't study corn, because it has only one growing season a year.”
Still, a research career at a liberal-arts college has its assets. Financial support is a huge benefit — many US liberal-arts colleges offer a start-up package, salary and internal funding that allow researchers to dodge the constant struggle for grants that their colleagues at research universities undergo. Bridge funding helps with grant gaps. Many liberal-arts colleges also provide funds for lab equipment. And researchers don't have to support graduate students, postdocs or, usually, lab technicians. “I don't worry about money — basically ever,” says Nick Kaplinsky, a plant biologist at Swarthmore.
In the United States, several grant schemes are tailored to researchers at liberal-arts institutions. The NIH awards about 200 R15s each year; the maximum funding is US$300,000 over three years. The National Science Foundation (NSF) has the Research in Undergraduate Institutions (RUI) programme, which allows eligible researchers in the physical and biological sciences to apply for NSF grants. Applicants must submit impact statements explaining how the grant would affect their research, their department and their institution. “You can include information about the students you have working with you and the educational activities interwoven into the research project,” says Robert Scott Fisher, programme director at the NSF's division of astronomical sciences in Arlington, Virginia. “You have an extra chance to explain the impact of the award.”
The NSF also offers three- to five-year grants with no maximum through its Faculty Early Career Development Program for tenure-track faculty members who combine research with teaching. The Research Corporation for Science Advancement, based in Tucson, Arizona, offers two-year grants of up to about $75,000 to early-career scientific researchers at undergraduate institutions.
There is also, in general, a less furious battle for tenure than at many big universities. “We hire with the intent that the person will become a permanent part of the community,” says Cecilia Conrad, vice-president of academic affairs at Pomona College in Claremont, California. “We provide resources and advice so that the assistant professor will be successful in earning tenure.” Pomona offers faculty members a fully paid year's leave from teaching in their third year of employment, to let them focus on research. Still, Conrad says, Pomona's tenure process requires excellence in both research and teaching, as well as evidence of contributions to the community.
The teaching emphasis, in particular, can have a big impact. At Swarthmore, candidates for tenure must have letters of review from 25 students. “If you have an aptitude for teaching, and for performing, which in some ways teaching is about, then tenure is almost more of a sure thing,” says Kaplinsky, who recently earned tenure.
Ultimately, say researchers at liberal-arts colleges, the biggest payoff is helping students learn how to become scientists. “They're dry sponges — they're new, they're hungry to learn, and they're full of ideas,” says Bruce Kohorn, a biologist at Bowdoin College in Maine, who in 2001 left Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. “I love that.”
