domingo, 14 de novembro de 2010

Artigo sobre Sul-africano morto no Rio de Janeiro

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Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 1 (2010) 149–150
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases
journal homepage: www.elsevier.de/ttbdis
Short communication
Fatal spotted fever group rickettsiosis due to Rickettsia conorii conorii
mimicking a hemorrhagic viral fever in a South African traveler in Brazil
Daniele N. de Almeidaa, Alexsandra R. Favachoa, Tatiana Rozentala, Halime Barcauib,
Alexandro Guterresa, Raphael Gomesa, Silvana Levisd, Janice Coelhoc, Alberto Chebabob,
Ligia C. Costae, Salete Andreaf, Paulo F. Barrosob, Elba R.S. de Lemosa,∗
a Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
b Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho – School of Medicine/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
c Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas, Pergamino, Argentina
d Instituto de Pesquisa Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
e Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde/Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
f Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 21 January 2010
Received in revised form 29 April 2010
Accepted 10 May 2010
Available online 25 June 2010
Keywords:
Fatal spotted fever
Rickettsia conorii conorii
South African traveler
Brazil
a b s t r a c t
The authors present a fatal case of spotted fever group rickettsiosis (SFGR) caused by Rickettsia conorii
conorii mimicking a hemorrhagic viral fever in a South African male on a business trip in Brazil. SFGR was
confirmed by molecular and immunohistochemical analyses.
© 2010 Published by Elsevier GmbH.
1. Introduction
A wide spectrum of rickettsioses has been recognized in international
travelers in the last 2 decades (Freedman et al., 2006;
Gautret et al., 2009; Jensenius et al., 2004, 2009; Kun-Hsien et al.,
2009; Wilson et al., 2007). Tick-borne spotted fever is increasingly
being diagnosed among international travelers, and most cases are
acquired in sub-Saharan Africa, mainly in South Africa, where spotted
fever group rickettsioses (SFGR) are secondary only to malaria
as the most frequent febrile disease in travelers reported to the
GeoSentinel Surveillance Network (Jensenius et al., 2009; Kun-
Hsien et al., 2009). We report a fatal case of SFGR due to R. conorii
conorii,mimicking a hemorrhagic viral fever, in a South Africanman
on a business trip to Brazil.
2. The case
On November 27, 2008, a white 53-year-old South African male
engineer on a business trip, 2 days after arriving in Brazil, reported
∗ Corresponding author at: Pavilhão Hélio Peggy Pereira, Sala B116, FIOCRUZ,
Avenida Brasil, 4365 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22040-900, Brazil,
Tel.: +55 2125621712; fax: +55 2125621897.
E-mail address: elemos@ioc.fiocruz.br (E.R.S. de Lemos).
headache, fever, chills, sore throat, asthenia, and hematuria. He
was medicated with symptomatic drugs, without improvement.
Four days later, he was admitted to a private hospital in Rio de
Janeiro with worsening of his clinical picture and the appearance
of a generalized maculopapular rash, hepatosplenomegaly, and
vomiting. There was no eschar. Antimicrobial therapy directed to
arenaviruses, community sepsis, and rickettsiosis was initiated, but
he developed renal and respiratory failure. Laboratory examination
revealed anemia, white blood cells with 50% band forms, and
thrombocytopenia (platelet count 69×109/L).
Increased transaminases, lactic dehydrogenase, and alkaline
phospatase (>1000 U/L) levels were observed. His clinical state
deteriorated, and he died with multiple organ failure after 7 days
of symptoms. A viral hemorrhagic fever was included in the differential
diagnosis because in October 2008, the patient had had
a possible contact with a fatal illness associated with a new arenavirus
in South Africa (Paweska et al., 2009). Given this possibility,
World Health Organization authorities were notified and local
health authorities implemented recommendations of the International
Sanitary Regulation. Parasitological, bacteriological, and
virological analyses were conducted in blood and post-mortem
liver biopsy samples. Serological tests for SFGR, dengue, yellow
fever, leptospirosis, hantavirus, and arenavirus were all negative.
Blood, urine cultures, and blood smears for malaria and other
1877-959X/$ – see front matter © 2010 Published by Elsevier GmbH.
doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2010.05.002
Author's personal copy
150 D.N. de Almeida et al. / Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 1 (2010) 149–150
parasites were also negative. Blood samples were tested by PCR
for arenavirus, hantavirus, and rickettsiae. Segments of rickettsial
genes htrA (246 bp), ompA (532 bp), ompB (650 bp), and gltA
(381 bp) were amplified (Rozental et al., 2006; Zhu et al., 2005),
and the nucleotide sequences of theompAand gltA amplicons were
analyzed: the nucleotide sequences of the gltA amplicon (325 nt)
and of the ompA amplicon (491 nt) exhibited 100% sequence similarity
to the homologous gltA gene of R. conorii (GenBank accession
no. HM152564) and outer membrane protein A (OmpA) gene fragment
of R. conorii conorii (GenBank accession no. GU256251),
respectively. Biopsy specimens of the liver were tested by immunohistochemical
assay for SFGR using a polyclonal anti-R. rickettsii
antibody (Rozental et al., 2006) and showed SFGR antigens in
perivascular foci inflammation.
3. Discussion
Rickettsiosis is an endemic condition in many areas of the world,
and tick-borne spotted fever rickettsioses have repeatedly been
associated with febrile disease in travelers in the last 2 decades
(Carzola et al., 2008; Font-Creus et al., 1991; Freedman et al., 2006;
Gautret et al., 2009; Jensenius et al., 2004, 2009; Kun-Hsien et al.,
2009; Rovery and Raoult, 2008; Wilson et al., 2007). Although most
cases of international travel-associated rickettsioses acquired in
sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in South Africa and neighboring
countries, are caused by R. africae and R. conorii infections with
unfavorable outcome have also been described in that area (Carzola
et al., 2008; Freedman et al., 2006; Gautret et al., 2009; Wilson et
al., 2007).
Although originally SFGR caused by R. conorii, the causative
agent of the Mediterranean spotted fever, had been recognized as
a benign illness, severe cases associated with renal and respiratory
failure have been reported (Carzola et al., 2008; Font-Creus
et al., 1991; Rovery and Raoult, 2008). This patient had no eschar,
and its absence has been described in 14–40% of cases reported
(Carzola et al., 2008; Font-Creus et al., 1991; Rovery and Raoult,
2008). In this context, the lack of a tick exposure report, the lack
of an eschar, and the late onset of the rash contributed to the lack
of any clinical suspicion possibly leading to the delayed introduction
of a specific antimicrobial therapy and the fatal outcome. The
molecular identification of R. conorii conorii in the clinical samples,
an exotic rickettsia in Brazil, transmitted to humans by the dog tick
Rhipicephalus sanguineus mostly in urban settings, confirms that
the patient was infected in South Africa, where he had lived and
spent more than 6 days before the onset of symptoms (Rovery and
Raoult, 2008).
This case emphasizes the need for a high level of suspicion of
SFGR since travel-related rickettsioses are not rare events. An alert
about the possibility of the occurrence of SFGR in travelers in South
Africa should be considered, and advice for tourists before travel
should include precautions against tick bites and contact with
animals.
References
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INTEREST IN CLINIC SPURS BRAZILIAN EXCHANGE


INTEREST IN CLINIC SPURS BRAZILIAN EXCHANGE

International visits benefit schools in both countries

Professors Larry Weiser, Jose Garcez Ghirardi and Gail Hammer
Gonzaga professors Larry Weiser and Gail Hammer flank Jose Ghirardi of Brazil's Direito Getulio Vargas law school.
Two years ago, professor José Garcez Ghirardi of the Direito Getulio Vargas (GV) law school in São Paulo, Brazil, visited Gonzaga University School of Law to coordinate an informal faculty exchange based on teaching methodology. He wanted to update the GV curriculum to reflect the changing times and provide students there with a more progressive legal education.
At Ghirardi's request, the following March professors Gail Hammer and Larry Weiser traveled to São Paulo to present their own opinions and experiences at a conference for law professors from all over Latin America.
The response from the attendees was so favorable that Ghirardi arranged for Weiser and Hammer, who are both involved with Gonzaga's long-established legal clinic, to return to GV this past June and teach a student workshop on legal education. Meanwhile, Ghirardi would return to Gonzaga to teach a summer session course on jurisprudence and the arts.
"Everything started because we were interested in clinical education. That's when Gonzaga enters the picture," Ghirardi says. "It's a new experience in Brazil, breaking away from traditional methodology, which is seminar- or lecture-based, and using more participative methods. Because we think the way we teach law bespeaks the way we think about law and its function. That's why Gail's and Larry's presence was so important there."

Gonzaga's new curriculum key

Hammer notes that they had "a number of articulated purposes" when developing the workshop. "One was to improve teaching generally. To use active methods in our workshop. To demonstrate ourselves different methods of teaching. And to engage people in metacognition, thinking about what they're learning, making choices about how to teach."
The changes Ghirardi sought to bring to GV have some roots in the new curriculum that was being developed by Gonzaga Law at that time — a bold pedagogical shift implemented this past autumn.
"There aren't many schools that have taken their curriculum and remolded it like Gonzaga has," says Weiser. "Mandatory clinic in the third year, introductions to legal skills in the first year, different transactional skills such as writing contracts. We've reoriented ourselves tremendously, and that's why we're in sync with GV in terms of our legal educational philosophies and how we want to prepare our students to practice law."

Clinics the "frontier between practice and critique"

Ghirardi agrees. "Clinical education is a frontier between practice and critique, because students may experience practice in real life, but if they don't have someone to help them make sense of what's going on, then a major part of the educational purpose is lost.
"It challenges students to bring together theory and practice. But to have a good clinical program, you have to have faculty who are open in a number of ways. It's not only the student who's learning; we're learning at the same time."
"The faculty is the main thing," adds Hammer. "Faculty members who are willing to think seriously about what our purposes are and how to best accomplish them instead of thinking about what's most convenient. To think in a very real and focused way about what matters."
The larger idea of what matters is another area in which the three professors and the institutions they represent find themselves in sync.

Shared values resonate

"This sense of responsibility is something they feel very strongly here at Gonzaga," says Ghirardi. "There are certain broader philosophical issues of moral responsibility to society, the clear understanding that dealing with justice is a major social function in any society and that we have to be capable of doing so. We want lawyers who can make an impact and work to make a better society. This is a very important shared value between our institutions."
Like last year's conference, the student workshop was a hit with the participants.
"After the first day, I went there to see if the students needed anything. And they waved me off," Ghirardi laughs. "'We don't want to talk to you, we want them!' That's how successful it was. They felt very comfortable and at the same time they felt challenged."
"That's why we hope to continue the relationship between GV and GU," says Weiser. "One of the goals is to have some student exchanges. GV has just created a global law program that's taught in English. Some of our students could go over there and take this course, and some of their students could come here and take our courses.
"The ability for students to interact or work on projects - for example, case studies that involve both American and Brazilian enterprises, or doing comparative research on environmental issues - has tremendous potential. There's nothing but equal benefits for GV students and Gonzaga students in this relationship."
"Another thing our two institutions have in common is that they are very creative in their approach to methodology," adds Ghirardi, "and there's no reason for us not to be creative in designing our exchange opportunities.”

Jornal é criticado por estudo sobre previsão do futuro


Jornal é criticado por estudo sobre previsão do futuro

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Rio - Um dos mais renomados jornais especializados em psicologia recebeu críticas após aceitar publicar um estudo que afirma ter evidências da capacidade de ver eventos que ainda não aconteceram. As informações são do site da revista New Scientist.

Psicólogos que tiveram acesso a uma versão do Journal of Personality and Social Psychology antes da publicação oficial dizem não ter visto nenhuma grande mudança de visão proporcionada pelo estudo. "Minha visão pessoal é que isso (a previsão do futuro) é ridículo e não pode ser verdade", diz o pesquisador Joachim Krueger, da Universidade Brown, nos Estados Unidos.

O estudo

Segundo o site, o psicólogo Daryl Bem, da Universidade de Cornell, também nos Estados Unidos, levou oito anos para concluir a pesquisa. O artigo descreve uma série de experimentos que envolveram mais de mil estudantes voluntários.

Em um deles, foi mostrada aos estudantes uma lista de palavras e depois foi pedido para que eles as recordassem. Em um segundo momento, foi pedido para que eles escrevessem palavras que eram selecionadas aleatoriamente da mesma lista. Estranhamente, as que foram mais lembradas eram também as últimas a serem digitadas.

Em outro experimento, os participantes foram avisados de que uma foto erótica seria exibida em uma tela e eles deveriam prever qual era a posição em que a foto apareceria. Segundo o estudo, os participantes acertaram em 53,1% das tentativas.

Defensores da pesquisa, como a psicóloga Melissa Burkley, da Universidade do Estado de Oklahoma, dizem que o pequeno índice de acertos deve ser levado em conta, já que outros estudos mais aceitos, como o que diz que moderadas doses de aspirina previnem ataques do coração, são baseados também em índices de acerto pouco acima dos 50 pontos percentuais.

O professor Charles Judd, da Universidade do Colorado, responsável pela seção onde será publicado o artigo, defende o estudo e diz que ele passou por uma série de revisões de alguns dos principais pesquisadores do jornal, e todos recomendaram a publicação - com alterações no texto.

Acelerador de partículas pode ter criado novo estado da matéria


Acelerador de partículas pode ter criado novo estado da matéria

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Rio - No último dia 7, o Grande Colisor de Hádrons (LHC, na sigla em inglês), maior acelerador de partículas do mundo, começou a colidir átomos pesados (de chumbo), em vez da usual colisão entre prótons, o que causou a produção de "mini big bangs". Por causa desses fenômenos, o colisor está alcançando a temperatura de 10 trilhões de °C, marca recorde em um experimento científico. "A importância deste novo  fato é que espera-se com essa temperatura a criação de um novo estado da matéria, o chamado plasma de quarks e glúons", diz o brasileiro Gilvan Augusto Alves, doutor em física e colaborador do projeto do LHC.
Foto: Divulgação
Imagem gerada em computador reproduz a colisão de átomos de chumbo | Foto: Divulgação
Essa comprovação, afirma Alves, é importante para verificar se a teoria das interações fortes - a cromodinâmica quântica - descreve de forma adequada as interações que mantém as partículas unidas no núcleo do átomo.

O que é a teoria da cromodinâmica quântica?
Desde que se observou que os prótons e nêutrons são compostos de quarks, ficou claro que a mesma força que mantém o núcleo atômico unido, chamada de força nuclear forte, também é responsável por manter os quarks unidos no interior de prótons e nêutrons. "A teoria da cromodinâmica quântica explica como acontecem as interações entre quarks, e consequentemente, toda a matéria nuclear."

Na opinião de Gilvan Alves, essa teoria é importante não só pelo fato de descrever as forças que formam prótons, nêutrons e toda a matéria nuclear, mas também por explicar como se produzem todos os outros tipos de quarks, como o quark top, e até mesmo como deve ser a produção do Bóson de Higgs, um dos principais objetivos dos experimentos do LHC.

Conclusões só depois de 2012

Essa foi a primeira vez que esse tipo de colisão de núcleos foi feita no LHC, e o processo deve durar até 6 de dezembro. Alves explica que a comunidade científica não espera um resultado conclusivo agora, pois o projeto possui outros objetivos mais imediatos. "Acontece que a prioridade do LHC é descobrir o bóson de Higgs e outros fenômenos que não estejam previstos pela teoria (da cromodinâmica quântica), então as colisões de núcleos pesados tem que esperar, pois até 2012 o LHC vai operar com prótons, que é o modo de operação onde se tem mais chance de produzir esses novos fenômenos", diz o pesquisador.

"Na verdade essa confirmação leva um certo tempo, pois são necessárias várias colisões com as mesmas características para que se tenha certeza que o estado foi produzido, e nem todas as colisões produzem o plasma de quarks e glúons. Além disso, espera-se que todos os experimentos (os detectores Alice, CMS e Atlas, que fazem os registros das colisões) confirmem esse estado e isso também não é imediato", falou.

Ele define esta fase como uma espécie de teste, que verificou se o acelerador funciona bem com a colisão de núcleos. "São necessários vários meses de colisões para que se tenham dados suficientes para uma resposta conclusiva, e isso só deve acontecer depois de 2012", revelou.

O acelerador de partículas vai continuar colidindo núcleos de chumbo para estudar em detalhes esse tipo de fenômeno até o dia 6 de dezembro. Depois disso, haverá uma pausa para manutenção e, em fevereiro de 2011, retomará as colisões de prótons a 7 teraelétron-volts (TeV) - energia 3,5 vezes superior a qualquer outro acelerador de partículas, mas bem abaixo dos 14 TeV que os pesquisadores pretendem atingir em 2013 -, que devem continuar até o final de 2011.

Como o LHC não derrete?
Mesmo atingindo tal temperatura, o equipamento não derrete devido à colisão dos núcleos de chumbo ocorrer no vácuo do acelerador. Quando as partículas resultantes da colisão atingem os detectores, que estão fora do vácuo, a temperatura já é baixa o suficiente para não causar problemas ao equipamento, embora ainda cause algum tipo de dano pela radiação intensa, o que segundo Gilvan Alves, "é aceitável".